Organisations and behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisations and behaviour - Assignment Example The production efficiency methodology explains the method that breaks every action or small tasks into very simpler forms which can be evaluated easily and can be taught. The four principles of the theory are: 1) maximize individual skill and minimize job learning period, 2) design work, matching it to the workers, 3) monitor the performance of the worker and ensure that they are using the right method of working, 4) replace the thumb rule and in that place use the scientific method of work study (Sapru, 2013). Hawk Car Company initially adopted the Taylor method which brought them a lot of problems which are follows: The theory gave importance to productivity and profitability as a result there aroused exploitation of employees in the company. Taylor emphasized on the functional foremanship which says that one employee has to report to a number of managers and thus it loosens the unity of command which can create chaos and confusion in the organization. The employees at Hawk Car com pany suffered from the same problem The method elaborated by Taylor is mechanical in nature and it laid emphasis on efficiency of the work generated. He failed to take in to account the human element and considered workers as robots. Thus, Hawk Car Company assembly managers failed to understand the difficulties that are faced by the employees but concentrated on the efficiency of the work produced by the workers. ... This explains that the person who is at the top of the pyramid is the person to whom every person in the organization has to report (Nelson and Campbell, 2008). In case of Hawk Car Company, it used a hierarchical organizational structure where the workers on assembly line have no authority to give any suggestion to the design and running of the production line. The chain of command of the production department was such that the effectiveness of operation rested on how the people performed at each level and how they report to their assembly line managers. The scope of biasness may arise and the managers who are not open to feedback from employees create further communication gaps. As a result the workers in the Hawk Car Company lost interest in their work and were highly dissatisfied. The number of absenteeism increased as a result the production was affected. The hierarchical organizational structure can create too much distance between the leaders of the organization and the employe es. When there is too much authority in one hand, power dominates. As a result the employees feel low to work efficiently in the organization as their work is not valued by the management. The employees at the Hawk Car Company faced the same situation. The decision making process in this structure is directed from the top level as a result the employees have little say about the work they are assigned. They are not given the opportunity to express their own idea and process of doing a work. As a result they became less involved with the work they are doing. The employees of Hawk Car Company had no right to make any changes to the work process even if it is needed. Working in an assembly line is very difficult for the employees as it

Stem Cell Research Legislation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Stem Cell Legislation - Research Paper Example It is hoped that such cells can be developed to replace dysfunctional cells in conditions like spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and various other medical conditions. A look into the American stem cell research legislations proves that the country needs to make such laws regarding patents and intellectual rights to ensure that the government and the federally funded researchers have access to stem cells. In addition, there should be clear government guidelines regarding the agreement between patent holders and researchers. The advancements in research were not free from ethical issues and legal disputes. As reported by National Bioethics Advisory Commission (1999) this is mainly so because the sources for stem cells are one week old embryos called blastocysts which are usually created through in vitro fertilization to treat infertility, five to nine week old embryos of fetuses obtained through elective abortion, embryos created through in vitro fer tilization for research purposes, embryos created through cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer, and finally, adult tissues like umbilical cord blood and marrow. The controversy almost entirely surrounds taking stem cells from human embryos and fetuses because the process destroys them. Admittedly, the American administration has always been open to the ethical concerns surrounding embryo research. Throughout history, the government did not provide any funding to support researches on stem cells from human embryos. So, the federal law rightly prohibited the HHS from funding any such research. In the year 1994, President Bill Clinton issued an executive directive to the NIH that it should not allocate funds to develop human embryos for research purposes. Two years later, in 1996, there was a legislative ban on NIH’s spending on stem cell research from human embryos. Thereafter, every year, the government passed such a ban. As Wertz (2002, p. 674-678) points out, according t o the ban, federal funds could not be used for the development of human embryos for research purposes where human embryo is destroyed, discarded, or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death. However, as the Wisconsin scientists successfully grew embryonic stem cells into specialized cells, there arose increased demand from NIH to again look into the governmental ban on stem cell research from embryos and fetus. The opinion of the HHS’ General Counsel was that the existing law that only prohibited the use of HHS funds for human embryo research would not ban research on stem cells because stem cells are not within the legal definition of human embryo. According to the definition provided, embryo is an organism that is capable of developing into a full human being when implanted in the uterus. It is claimed that the pluripotent stem cells are not able to grow into a human being. Thus, the opinion reached was that HHS could fund such stem cell researches that manage to get the stem cells from embryos using private means. The restriction only applied to those researches that want to derive stem cells from embryos using federal funds. Though there was congressional opposition, NIH made it clear that it would support stem cell research once it managed to issue guidelines and to establish an oversight committee. Thus, the NIH guidelines appeared in August 2000 that made it clear that researches using pluripotent stem cells from human embryos can be conducted using NIH funds. However the condition was that the stem